Ocular surface diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the eye’s surface, including the cornea, conjunctiva, and eyelids. These conditions range from mild irritations to severe discomfort.
Of these eye diseases, the most common ones we see include:
- Dry eye disease
- Blepharitis
- Conjunctivitis
- Keratitis
- Pterygium
The good news is that most ocular surface diseases are treatable.
From home remedies to over-the-counter solutions and advanced treatments, visiting your optometrist for an accurate diagnosis helps determine the most appropriate treatment plan tailored to your needs.
Dry Eye Disease
Dry eye disease is one of the most common ocular surface diseases. This condition develops when your eyes don’t produce enough tears or when tears evaporate too quickly from the eye’s surface due to an unstable tear film.
Symptoms may vary in intensity but commonly include:
- Redness
- Blurry vision
- Dry, gritty sensation
- Burning or stinging in the eyes
- Watery eyes in response to irritation
Several factors can contribute to dry eye syndrome, including:
- Age
- Dry, windy, or smokey environments
- Improper contact lens wear
- Prolonged screen time
Fortunately, several treatment options are available, helping to alleviate dry eye symptoms:
- Artificial tears: These over-the-counter drops help supplement natural tear production, providing immediate relief from dryness and irritation.
- Prescription eye drops: For individuals with more severe symptoms, these help reduce inflammation and increase tear production by targeting the underlying cause of dry eyes.
- Punctal plugs: These tiny devices are inserted into the tear ducts to decrease tear drainage, helping to retain moisture on the eye’s surface for longer periods.
- Warm compress masks: These can be applied to the eyes to melt any blockages of oil glands along the eyelids and stabilize the tear film.
- Eyelid wipes: These help maintain eyelid hygiene and remove debris or excess oil that contributes to ocular discomfort.
Blepharitis
Blepharitis is a common, chronic condition characterized by inflammation along the eyelids.
This condition most commonly develops when the oil glands along the eyelids become clogged from excess oil, skin debris, or bacteria, leading to inflammation and irritation.
While blepharitis isn’t a severe ocular condition, if left untreated, it can lead to dry eyes, bacterial conjunctivitis, or other ocular infections.
Symptoms of blepharitis usually include:
- Redness
- Swelling of the eyelids
- Burning or gritty sensation in the eyes
- Flaky skin or crust on the eyelid margins
- Possible difficulty closing the eyes completely
Treatments focus on managing symptoms and improving eyelid hygiene through the use of warm compresses, eyelid wipes, and antibiotics.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, more commonly known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. This condition can affect one or both eyes and can be caused by various factors, leading to different types of conjunctivitis.
There are 3 main types of conjunctivitis:
- Viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious and most often associated with colds and respiratory infections.
- Bacterial conjunctivitis is caused by bacteria, may lead to discharge from the eye, and can be highly contagious.
- Allergic conjunctivitis develops as a reaction to allergens like pollen, dander, or dust mites and isn’t contagious.
Symptoms across all forms of conjunctivitis usually include:
- Discharge
- Itching
- Redness
- Watery eyes
While conjunctivitis often isn’t serious, it can cause significant discomfort and may lead to complications if left untreated.
Treatment for conjunctivitis depends on its cause.
Viral conjunctivitis usually resolves on its own. A warm compress mask or artificial tears may relieve symptoms but won’t target the root cause of the viral infection.
Bacterial conjunctivitis may require antibiotic eye drops or ointments to clear up the infection, whereas over-the-counter antihistamines or prescription allergy medications can help alleviate symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis.
Additionally, practicing eye hygiene, including washing your hands and avoiding touching your face, further prevents the spread and recurrence of conjunctivitis.
Keratitis
Keratitis, also known as a corneal ulcer, refers to inflammation of the cornea and can significantly impact vision and ocular health by scarring the cornea, leading to blurry or distorted vision.
Leaving untreated keratitis can lead to severe complications, including corneal damage or vision loss.
Symptoms of keratitis commonly include:
- Severe eye pain
- Blurry vision
- Light sensitivity
- Watery eyes
- Redness
Keratitis can develop due to a variety of factors, including:
- Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. These are often linked to contact lens wear, trauma to the eye, or exposure to contaminated water.
- Environmental factors, such as harsh weather or chemical irritants.
Depending on the underlying cause of inflammation, treatments for keratitis typically include antibiotic or antiviral eye drops. In severe circumstances, surgical intervention may be necessary.
Pinguecula & Pterygium
Pinguecula and pterygium are both growths that form on the conjunctiva.
A pinguecula is a yellowish, raised bump that develops on the conjunctiva, typically found on the side closest to the nose.
On the other hand, a pterygium has a similar growth but extends onto the cornea and can cause more significant issues.
A pinguecula usually develops as a response to chronic irritation, while a pterygium develops from the same irritative processes but extends further and can encroach on the corneal surface. Both conditions can develop from:
- Prolonged exposure to UV rays
- Environmental factors, including dust and wind
While a pinguecula is generally not serious and doesn’t impair vision, a pterygium can affect visual acuity, especially if it obstructs the line of sight or causes astigmatism. Both conditions are often benign but can lead to discomfort and cosmetic concerns.
Symptoms of a pinguecula can include yellowish growths on the conjunctiva with minimal discomfort.
In contrast, a pterygium may cause:
- Redness
- Irritation
- A gritty sensation
- Distortion of vision as the growth encroaches on the cornea
Treatment options for a pinguecula typically involve monitoring for changes, as many don’t require intervention. If symptomatic, lubricating eye drops or anti-inflammatory medications may alleviate discomfort.
For a pterygium, treatment may include surgically removing the growth, especially if it affects vision or continuously irritates the eye.
Schedule an Appointment
Understanding ocular surface diseases can help maintain eye health and prevent complications. Visit your optometrist when you experience the onset of ocular symptoms to help promote healing. Connect with our team at Ladera Ranch Optometry to schedule an appointment.
